Drug overdose deaths hit record numbers

Over 47,000 deaths last year, mostly due to opioid pain relievers and heroin

From 2000 to 2014 nearly half a million Americans died from drug overdoses. Opioid overdose deaths, including both opioid pain relievers and heroin, hit record levels in 2014, with an alarming 14 percent increase in just one year,

The most commonly prescribed opioid pain relievers, those classified as natural or semi-synthetic opioids such as oxycodone and hydrocodone, continue to be involved in more overdose deaths than any other opioid type. These deaths increased by 9 percent (813 more deaths in 2014 than 2013).

Increases in prescription opioid pain reliever and heroin deaths are the biggest driver of the drug overdose epidemic. Deaths from heroin increased in 2014, continuing a sharp rise that has seen heroin overdoses triple since 2010. Deaths involving illicitly made fentanyl, a potent opioid often added to or sold as heroin, also are on the upswing.

“The increasing number of deaths from opioid overdose is alarming,” said CDC Director Tom Frieden, M.D., M.P.H. “The opioid epidemic is devastating American families and communities. To curb these trends and save lives, we must help prevent addiction and provide support and treatment to those who suffer from opioid use disorders. This report also shows how important it is that law enforcement intensify efforts to reduce the availability of heroin, illegal fentanyl, and other illegal opioids.”

Drug overdose deaths are up in both men and women, in non-Hispanic whites and blacks, and in adults of nearly all ages. Rates of drug overdose deaths were highest among five states: West Virginia, New Mexico, New Hampshire, Kentucky, and Ohio. A map of drug overdose deaths by state (2013 and 2014) is available at http://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/statedeaths.html.

Fentanyl Patch Can Be Deadly to Children

Young children and pets can easily remove discarded medicines from household trash. FDA and other federal agencies recommend following instructions on medication labels and talking to health care professionals about safe storage and disposal of medicines. To learn more, watch the“Lock It Up: Medicine Safety in Your Home” video.

Young children have died or become seriously ill from accidental exposure to a skin patch containing fentanyl, a powerful pain reliever. As a result of this, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a Drug Safety Communication to warn patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals about the dangers of accidental exposure to and improper storage and disposal of the fentanyl patch.

An overdose of fentanyl—caused when the child either puts the patch in his or her mouth or applies it to the skin—can cause death by slowing breathing and increasing the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

The fentanyl transdermal system—the patch marketed under the brand name Duragesic and available as a generic product—contains fentanyl, a potent opioid pain reliever, and treats patients in constant pain by releasing the medicine over the course of three days.

According to Kellie Taylor, PharmD., MPH, in FDA’s Division of Medication Error Prevention and Analysis, FDA is aware of 32 cases of accidental exposure to fentanyl since 1997, most of them involving children younger than 2 years old. There have been 12 deaths and an additional 12 cases requiring hospitalization.  

Reducing the Risk

“The best thing a patient can do is to follow the instructions on the medicine label and talk to a healthcare professional about how to prevent anyone else from coming in contact with the fentanyl patch,” says Throckmorton.

On September 23, 2013, FDA approved changes to the Duragesic patch so that the name of the drug and its strength will be printed on the patch in long-lasting ink in a color clearly visible to patients and caregivers, and has asked manufacturers of the generic versions to make the same changes. The previous ink color varied by strength and was not always easy to see.

Those having contact with patients using fentanyl patches—including children, adults, and pets—are vulnerable to a fentanyl overdose when accidentally exposed to a patch if they have not been exposed to this type of potent medicine before. A risk remains even after the patch is worn by the patient for three days because a used patch retains more than 50 percent of the fentanyl.

Focusing on the prevention of medical errors, Taylor and colleagues at FDA report that infants and toddlers have unique risks of accidental exposure to fentanyl. Infants are often held by adults, increasing the chances that a partially detached patch could be transferred from adult to child. Toddlers are more likely to find lost, discarded or improperly stored patches and ingest them or stick them on themselves.

Early signs of fentanyl exposure could be hard to identify in young children. Lethargy has been among the reported symptoms, but that could be misinterpreted as fatigue. If there is reason to suspect that a child has been exposed to a fentanyl patch, Throckmorton says that emergency medical help should be sought immediately.

To reduce the possibility that children will be exposed to fentanyl, FDA recommends that fentanyl patch users take these precautions:

• Keep fentanyl patches and other drugs in a secure location that is out of children’s sight and reach. Toddlers may think the patch is a sticker, tattoo or bandage.
• Consider covering the fentanyl patch with an adhesive film to make sure the patch doesn’t come off your body.
• Throughout the day, make sure—either by touching it or looking at it—that the patch is still in place.

FDA recommends disposing of used patches by folding them in half with the sticky sides together, and then flushing them down a toilet. They should not be placed in the household trash where children or pets can find them.

FDA recognizes that there are environmental concerns about flushing medicines down the toilet. However, FDA believes that the risk associated with accidental exposure to this strong narcotic medicine outweighs any potential risk associated with disposal by flushing. When the patches are no longer needed, disposing by flushing completely eliminates the risk of harm to people in the home.